Sarah Wright
First married to Zachariah Walker.
Second marriage to Bazil Trail
Third marriage to Andrew King
Hiram Wright
Brother to Hosea Wright
On June 20th 2000 I received photo copies via E-Mail
of 2 pages of the Wright family Bible.
The information that accompanied them said that the pages were
deteriorating very badly, making then difficult to read.
After opening them I decided that most of the information was readable,
and the areas with the greatest amount of stains could be slowly
and carefully worked with Adobe Photo Shop to reveal the
words hidden among the stains and blotches of ink.
So I began to work on the pages, trying to restore the look to what
the
original writer must have seen. And at the same time maintain the
integrity
of the documents. You can see these pages at the link below.
They were brave defenders of their country in time of peril,
and their name was proverbial for charities and beneficence.
Following is their motto as handed down through several
generations:
There is nothing purer
than
honesty, Nothing sweeter than charity,
Nothing warmer than love,
Nothing richer than wisdom,
Nothing more steadfast than
faith.
Those united in one mind
form the purest, the sweetest, the warmest,
the richest, the brightest
and the most steadfast happiness.
Here is some advice
also, youth of the Wright clan;
That has been taught for
years
to the youth of the Wright clan;
Be this they simple plan,
Serve God and love they
brother
man.
forget not in temptation's
hour
that sin lends sorrow
double
power.
Count life a state upon
they
way,
And follow conscience, come
that may,
Alike with Heaven and Earth
sincere,
With hand and brow and
bosom
clear,
Fear God and know no other
fear.
May we of later years
emulate
the kindly spirit of our forefathers,
and keep their precepts,
thus doing them honor,
and cheering on the world
in its struggle of life, as well.
We bless God that among
the
possibilities of humanity is a grand old age.
Old men have blessed the
world in all generations. They have blessed the
secular world, and it has
been so in the religious world as well.
It was the aged Saint John
who wrote the book of Revelation,
by means of which we, who
live in the twentieth century,
receive our highest
conceptions
of heaven
"Do not say I must do so
and
so, just go and do it,
and come back and say it
is done."
"Do not put off till
tomorrow
what you can do today."
"Always be kind to all whom
you meet."
"The bravest of men are the
most tender hearted."
"Love God and fear no man."
Sometimes the sun seems
to
hang in the western horizon for half an hour,
only just to show how
glorious
it can be.
The day is done, the heat
of shinning is over,
and the unspeakable beauty
of the western skies baffle description.
So God seems to let some
of his people linger in the west after their work is
done, that men may look on
them and see how beautiful they are.
Some are lingering there
now;
do you behold their beauty,
shining out though Christ Jesus?
Rev. Fred Wright
1906
I was lucky enough to find a copy of a book called
Four
Revolutionary
Soldiers and Their Descendants
By:
Eloise
M. Roberts
This book contains a information on the
Wright,
Sleeth, Smith and Hacker families.
Below is the first part of the book, that deals
with the Wright family history.
Please forgive any mistakes in the transcribing,
and I have attempted to leave it in it's original
form.
And I want to stress that no claim is made to
the accuracy of the authors work.
So read, enjoy, research and learn
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foreword I
~ I think this is the first attempt to publish
the scattered records of the Wright, Sleeth, Smith and Hacker families.
For these records I have had to depend on family Bibles and am
especially
indebted to James Frank Wright of Indianapolis; Mrs. Belle Conrey of
Shelbyville,
Indiana; Mrs. Margaret Sleeth Allen of Indianapolis and Hensley Sleeth
of Shelby County, who have preserved the family history and traditions.
The historical quotations have been taken from
The Hacker Record', a manuscript history of the Hacker and allied
families,
written by William Hacker of Shelbyville; from 'Border Settlers' by L.
V. Mc Whorter; and from ~Border Warfare' by Hacker and
Powers. The military records of Alexander
Sleeth, David Smith, and Gabriel Wright are recorded under National
Number
140207 of the Society of Daughters of the American Revolution at its
headquarters
in Washington, D. C. The military services of John Hacker, Ellis Hughes
and others mentioned in this book are also a
matter of record. Beyond the Revolution I have
been unable to go.
The Hacker family has been traced beyond that,
and I think it probable that a further search of the history of that
family
will uncover Sleeth and Wright
data, for there seems to have been acquaintance
if not relationship between these families before coming to Virginia.
It is my hope that this book may fall into the
hands of some one who can gather the threads of history and tradition
into
a coherent web and send the
result to ELOISE M. ROBERTS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ORIGIN OF THE MACGREGOR FAMILY By Wm. H. Gregg,
December, 1897
"Until the Sixth century the island now known
as Ireland was called by the Romans 'Hibernia' and the inhabitants
'Hibernians'.
Ireland received from Europe
people said to be of the Celtic race, called
Scots or, Milesians. The date is unsettled. Probably came from Spain in
1300 B. C. The Scots took possession and ruled the people and the
island
finally took the name "Scotia" from them. there with the native Picts
and
Caledonians~In the year 503 A. D. King Fergus, son of Erc (Fergus Mac
Erc
as modernly written) and a large body of Scots invaded the country and
took possession.
Scots and Picts fought and intermarried. In 848
Kenneth, son of Alpin (Kenneth Mac Alpin) who was descended from the
Scottish
King Fergus Mac Erc in the male line, and from the Picts' royal line
(the
Alpin) in the female line, conquered the Picts and united the
people and established the Kingdom of Scotland.
His descendants through either the male or female line, ruled until and
including James VI who became also James I of England, and the
descendants
of whom, either in the male or female line, have ruled
England to the present day. Thus the line of
descent from Fergus Mac Erc down through the Alpin, Bruce, and Stuart
families
to Queen Victoria is probably authentic.
Kenneth was called "King of the Scots" and also
"King of the Picts."
The Grig or Greg family originated in Scotland,
and the name is the root from
which have sprung the Gregg, MacGregor,
MacGrigor,
and the Scotch family of
Gregory. Greg or Grig, was the fourth King of
Scotland after Kenneth MacAlpin.
Greg was of the Alpin royal family and reigned
875 to 893 A. D. In the earliest
chronicles he is called Giric, and in later ones
Giric, Gerig Girig, Cirici, Cinicum,
Gregor, Greg, Gragorius and Gregory the Great.
Clans.
His home was at Donedour, in the Garioch,
Aberdeenshire-
is royal) was , and
Eccleogreg (Greg's Church )is said to have been
founded by and named after him.
He was of mixed Scottish and Pictish descent,
as were all of the Alpin line, and the
name "Ciric" pro; bably came from the Pictish
legendary account of Cruithne and
his seven sons. Cruithne, according to the
legend,
having been the first king and
Ciric his son. Mac mean "son" and was not used
as part of the surname until the
eleventh century. Greg, son of Dongal' who was
the King next before Alpin
(the father of Kenneth MacAlpin) and from him
derived his right to the throne.Dongal was the first cousin on the
paternal
side of Achaius (father of Alpin ) who married
a Pictish Princess, Fergusia' daughter of Hungus,
a Pictish King' and thus
united the Scottish and Pictish thrones.
Next Greg mentioned in Scottish history is
Kenneth
MacDuff' ninth King
after Gregory. His granddaughter' Lady Gruoch,
married MacBeth of history
and Shakespere's drama. He was called Kenneth
IV. Two MacGregors are
often mentioned, Rob Roy of Montrose, and
Rhoderic
Dhu in "Lady of the Lake.',
It is an ancient chronicle that "There is none
older than the Clan MacArthur
except the hills, the rivers, and the Clan
Alpin."
A highland proverb says. "The hills,
the MacAlpins and the Devil came into the world
at the same time." And a Celtic
proverb says, "The mountains, the rivers, and
the MacGregors are coeval."
The Bruce family descended from the Alpin line
in the female line, and the
Stewarts descended from the Bruce in the same
way. "Siol Alpin" was the name
given to a number of Clans supposed to possess
a common descent, from
Kenneth Mac Alpin, the ancestor of a long line
of Scottish Kings.
Greg, Grant, McKinion, McQuarries, McNab, and
Mac. Cauley, have at all
times claimed the distinction of being the
noblest
and most ancient of the Highland
Clans. "S'rioghail Mo Dreahm" (My race
is royal) was the proud boast of the MacGregors.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WRIGHT*
"When the Wright family lived in Scotland the
family name was "MacGregor"
("Son of the Greek Man") and our ancestor was
Chief of the Clan MacGregor.
As history shows this was one of the wildest,
and to the English Government,
one of the most to be dreaded of the Mountain
Scotch.
After many efforts to subdue the Highlanders,
the Government offered pardon to
all those Scotch Clans of the Highlands who would
agree to abandon their Clan
names and accept the name of Campbell. The
Campbells
were of Italian origin, ("Campbells-War Camps") and though in cordial
sympathy
with', the English
Government were cordially hated by all the
Highlanders.
So much so that many
attempts were made to murder Lord Campbell.
The offer of pardon was accepted by some of
the
Clans which had been very
nearly destroyed by famine and guerilla warfare,
but most of them refused the
terms, saying they were proud to live or die
under the Clan names. Among these
were the Clans MacGregor, MacLean, MacLoren,
Grant and others.
So there was nothing left for the British
Government
to do but to continue to
hunt them down and kill them off. (Rob Roy was
one of the Clan MacGregor.)
The Clan MacGregor, like the rest of the
Highland
Clans, would come down
from their mountains, raid some Lowland
communities,
kill off a few, seize cattle,
grain, and anything else they took a fancy to
(which not infrequently included
a handsome woman) and then return to their
mountains
for safety.
This sounds crude to us today, but it was a
part
of their education, and regarded
by them as perfectly legitimate. I have seen
just such education and its results
among the inhabitants of * * * where I spent
ten years, who resented the attempts
of the government to keep them from making
whiskey
out of their corn.
*A letter from Jas. F. Wright, Indianapolis.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the course of time came the great Battle of
Culloden, in 1746, in which all
the Highlands took part with the Stewarts, the
Roman Catholic side, and which
resulted in disastrous defeat. The Clan MacGregor
was all but destroyed and the
Chief had to flee to save his life. The English,
under the command of one Lord Leet,
Leeth or Leith, made a diligent search for him.
He managed to evade capture and
reached the coast, took passage on some vessel
and reached Ireland.
He then took the name of "Wright (a "Master
Workman")
and not long after secured passage to America.
Lord Leeth wanted this man so bad that he
induced
the Government to offer
a reward for the cap~ ture of the MacGregor,
dead or alive, preferably dead.
Spies came to America and hunted for him and
they all but captured him.
He was found in New Jersey, still under the name
of Wright. His family had
followed him, and because the writ of attainder
against all of them they were
compelled to keep the name of Wright, as, if
captured, all would have been
taken back to England and beheaded. Lord Leeth's
detectives were unable to
prove this to be the remnant of the Clan
MacGregor,
and so could not arrest
them, for the Colonies were very jealous of all
rights which the British Government
contended for, and this resulted, as you know,
in the War of the Revolution,
thirty years later. I doubt not that the
MacGregors
were once more delighted
to engage in a "scrap" with Great
Britain,
but there are no records that I have
ever been able to find which show service in
the "Rebel Ranks." *
*In the Auditor's Account Book for 1785,
Virginia,
there appears this entry on Page 421 under date ' Oct. 1, 1785:
'~Warrant
to Gabriel Wright and others for Militia Services per list filed—L
31.0.0",
showing that at least one of the MacGregors fought in the Revolutionary
War. The "Hacker Record" also states that Gabriel Wright fought in the
"Jersey Blue ", and there is a tradition that there was a Wright in
every
battle of the Revolution. Under Nat’l No. 140207 the D. A. R has
accepted
Gabriel Wright as a Revolutionary Soldier
-7-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finding the secret service under Lord
Leeth
so persistent and fearing to
remain so near the coast, where they might have
been kidnapped and unlawfully
transported to England, the Wright family soon
took up their residence in
Pennsylvania, as being safest for them among
the Quakers. But the spies
followed them and for some years continued their
efforts to secure evidence
of the true identity of the family.
In the course of time the stern old Chieftain
of the MacGregors died,
and as the spies were even at his funeral seeking
evidence, he was buried under
the name of Wright.*
This because the writ of attainder ran against
all his descendants who had no real
desire to return to England and be beheaded.
And so they continued under the
name of Wright and forever abandoned the Clan
name of MacGregor. ,,
Afterwards Lord Leeth found himself in
disfavor
with the English throne and he,
and his family were forced to leave and come
to America in disguise. Here they
were known under the name of Sleeth, and it thus
happens that these two old
warring families were united by numerous
marriages,**
once more showing that,
"God moves in a mysterious way, His wonders to
perform." Of course there came
finally separations of the family, and at least
one branch came to Kentucky.
I am inclined to believe that our ancestor came
first to some point not far from
Maysville, Kentucky, but this is largely a guess
on my part. Later, when Ohio,
Indiana and the adjoining states had been
surveyed
one branch,*** Caleb Wright,
moved to a farm not far from chillicothe. From
this point I have been able to
trace them with tolerable accuracy. I find first
trace in the family of the breaking
away from the Catholic Church after coming to
Ohio.
*In Pennsylvania?
.**There h some vague tradition about there
having
been a marriage between the
Sleeth and the Wright-MacGregors before
the marriage of Caleb Wright and
Mary Ann Hacker Sleeth, but this I have never
been able to verify I have wondered
if such a marriage might have been a cause of
the enmity between th Clans?
***Records of Ross County, Ohio, show that the
parents of Caleb Wright moved to that community with their family E.M.R.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There they are found to be Baptists. But it
may
be that they long before had
become Protestants. The Wrights were tall, spare
in frame, religious, stubborn,
never ready to admit they might be mistaken and
that others might be right. . . .
Uncle Nathan lived on a farm near Quincy. When
I was four or five years old I,
with my mother and three brothers, went on a
visit to them. That is the only time
I ever saw Grandfather Caleb Wright and his wife.
Uncle Nathan was the tallest
of the family, a very silent, thoughtful man,
not given to talking much and especially
to children, which is generally a family
characteristic...
Some years ago my niece, Mrs. Mary Orenbaugh,
was visiting in New York State. There she met
a man named Wright*
who related the family tradition of our origin
about as I knew it."
(Signed) JAMES FRANK WRIGHT.**
(Indianapolis.)
According to the 'Hacker Record,' of which
much
of this book is a quotation,
Gabriel Wright fought in the Revolutionary War
while living in New Jersey.***
While living in New Jersey he married Deborah
Ball, a sister of Lydia Ball,
wife of David Smith. I have estimated that
Gabriel
Wright was born in Scotland
prior to 1747, but have no proof of this.
In the spring of 1778 Gabriel Wright and his
family
came to Rockingham County,
Virginia, l with his brother-in-law, David Smith.
The census of 1782 shows him
living in Hampshire County with eight in his
family. The census of 1784 shows
him still living in Hampshire with nine in the
family.****
The list spoken in the Auditor's Account Book
which gives proof of
military service has been lost,
*This Mr. Wright knew nothing of Gabriel
Wright
and must have descended
from another branch of the Wright-MacGregor
family
There were Wrights
and Sleeths in New York State in 1766 for in
that year Abram Sleeth and
Elizabeth Wright were married in New York State
**Former City Editor of the 'Indianapolis Sentinel'
.***.See "Smith" Chapter l
+ Hacker Record
****Census of Virginia
9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
but it is probable that one of the
'others'
was David Smith, as they fought
side by side in New Jersey, married sisters,
and came to Virginia together.
In 1792 Gabriel Wright and his family moved to
Ross County, Ohio. On the 23rd
day of August, 1803, bond in the sum of $500
was issued to Jonathan Wright,
a son, as administrator of the estate of Gabriel
Wright. The widow's name was
given as Deborah. Two deeds for real estate in
Concord Township, Ross County,
Ohio, near Chillicothe, were signed by all the
heirs, among which was Caleb.
Gabriel Wright and Deborah (Ball) Wright had
the following children:
Jonathan.
Sarah—married Nathan Cory.
John—married Miss Cook.
Job.
David—married Polly Cook.
Rhoda—married Stephen Cory.
Hosea.
Caleb—probably born in Virginia (or Kentucky?)
about 1790. Died May or June, 1860. Married July 16, 1809,* to Mary Ann
Hacker Sleeth. There may have been another son,
for James Frank Wri ght remembers hearing his
father announce that he was the
seventh son of a seventh son. Gabriel Wright
died 1801. His widow, Deborah (Ball)
Wright died in 1817, and was buried by the side
of her husband. Two of their sons
came into Green County, Ohio. Caleb Wright and
family moved to near Quincy,
Ohio. Before that he had served as scout in the
War of 1812. The Mss.. War Rolls of
Ohio in the Adjutant General's office gives his
war record as follows: "Pvt. in Lieut.
DeVault' Detached Reg., Ohio Militia. Term of
service Jan. 31, 1815, to April 10, 1815."
This is also given in Andrew's History of
Washington County.
This service has been accepted by the 'Society
of Daughters of 1812.'
Tradition says Caleb Wright served as scout under
his cousin, Commodore
Oliver Hazard Perry, covering the territory from
Detroit to Fort Wayne,
* Date given by Sarah Sleeth Robbins.
10
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
one occasion he was shot in the thigh by an
Indian
and rode on horseback
seventy miles before he could obtain help. This
wound lamed him for the
remainder of his life. He was a stern old man,
a strict disciplinarian.
In the camp and on the trail he had seen the
results of disobedience and it
strengthened his own tendency to enforce
obedience.
Caleb Wright is said to
have been the seventh son, but only six sons
are given in the records to which
I have access. Children of Caleb Wright and Mary
Ann Hacker (Sleeth) Wright:
I. Abner. Married. Son, William, perhaps more.
II. Mary,* married Carl Sleeth, her cousin.
Children of Mary (Wright) Sleeth and Carl
Sleeth: Matthais, Grace, Bruce, Alice.
III. James, married Letitia Brown: children,
Mary, Emily J., Lafayette.
| IV. Soloman.
V. Alexander—Baptist Preacher in South Carolina
VI. Susan, married James Pine. Issue: Ethan.
VII. Matthias—born Oct. 22, 1818, died March
22,
1896.
Married Amanda Young, born Sept. 25, 1822, died
Nov. 12, 1900.
Children: John G., 1847-1848.
William J., 184~1850.
Mary E., 1850-1862.
David A., Oct. 15, 1854, b. March 26, 1896.
George M., June 6, 1857, April 29, 1898.
Leo N., 1852-1862.
VIII. Cyrus born Feb. 16, 1814, in Ross County,
Ohio. Died Oct. 18, 1875.
Married Elizabeth C. Glenn, daughter of John
and Mary Glenn.
Elizabeth C. Glenn was born Aug. 24, 1821, Shelby
County, Ind. Died June 7th, 1859.
*Tradition calls Mary Wright and Carl
Sleeth
”double cousins” and refers to
an earlier marriage of the Sleeths and Wrights
Sarah Sleeth Robbins
had the tradition that Gabriel Wright had married
Sleeth, or that the
Sleeth emigrant had married a Wright.
_11
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyrus and Mathias Wright moved to Lebanon,
Boone
County, Ind., about 1835,
where both taught school. Both then studied
law, and became well known lawyers of
Shelbyville, Ind. Up to the Civil War both were
Democrats. Both then became Republicans.
Children of Cyrus and Elizabeth (Glenn) Wright:
1. Martha—born April 23, 1842. Died April 24,
1842.
2. William G.—born April 25, 1844, died April 20, 1845.
3. George M.—born May 12, 1846. Married Dec.
19,
1872, to Elizabeth D. Corden,
who was born Oct. 24, 1850. Two children: Mary
A. and Cora E.
Mary A.—born Oct. 28, 1874. Married Mar. 21,
1907,
to Oscar Orenbaugh.
One daughter, Elizabeth J. Orenbaugh, born to
Mary A. and Oscar Orenbaugh,
Jan. 12, 1909.
Cora E.—born Nov. 29, 1876. Married Jan. 22, 1908, to Chas. H. Tindall.
4. John A.—born June 15, 1848. Died Sept. 23,
1918. Married Gertrude Stewart.
Son Harry married Edith Brock.
5. Mary—born May 13, 1850, died Aug. 15, 1850.
6. Chas. Wright—born Oct. 10, 1853. Married
Mattie
Dagg. Issue: Francis.
7. Elizabeth H. Wright—born July 14, 1857.
Married,
first, Albert Stratton.
Married, second, Geo. W. Avrett.
8. Nathan Wright—born June 5, 1859. Died June
5th, 1859.
9. James Frank*, born July 22, 1851. Married
Jennie
E. Pugh. Children: Charles J.,
Harry F. and Florence E., who married Chas. P.
Stewart.
IX. Nathan Wright—born Feb. 27, 1817.
Died
April, 1866, in Carroll County, Mo.
He was married Dec. 17, 1844, to Mary
Lucina
Mills,** by John Ryran, J. P.,
in Logan County, Ohio.
Nathan Wright and family lived on a farm in Logan
County, while just over the
line in Shelby County lived Nathan's parents,
Caleb and Mary. Caleb and Mary
and a son, Nathan Jefferson, are buried there
in the old cemetery.
*James Frank Wright of Indianapolis is my
authority
for the data
** Mary Lucina Mills was a descendant of Elder
Wm Brewster Of the “Mayflower” of
Captain James Avery of Conn. of Capt. James
Morgan
of Conn and of Dr. Comfort Starr.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Wrights were ever a silent family, adverse
to talking of family affairs, so
I know but little of the family life. Perhaps
the old tradition as to the MacGregor
Chieftain is true, and this is an heritage of
silence taught by the danger from the
English foes. Caleb Wright died in 1860 and his
wife in 1873. Mary became blind
in her old age and was blind for years.
Children of Nathan and Mary Lucina (Mills) Wright:
1. Willis—born Feb. 13, 1846. Unmarried.
2. Alvin—born Jan. 26, 1850. Married Belle
Perry
in Saline County, Mo.
Children: 1. Luther, Co. F., 15th Engineers,
A. E. F. In France two years.
Married a Miss Carey. 2. Amos. 3. Anna, married
Earl Foote in
Carroll County, Mo., and had five children:
Harry Raymond, Ruby Lee, Edith, Eugene Alvin
and John Earl.
3. Mary Saphronia—born Dec. 29, 1847. Died July 28, 1896. Unmarried.
4. Laura Caroline- born Jan. 18, 1852. Married
Nov. 26, 1874, to Gamaliel Taylor*
by Rev. Metz, in Carroll County, Mo. Children:
1. Byron Orlando, born Dec. 8, 1876,
in Carroll County, Mo. Married Nov. 11, 1900,
to Carrie Eugenia Thomas, daughter
of David and (Everet) Thomas. Two children: (1)
Florence Jewell, born at Dickson, Okla., March 2, 1903, married Harold
Currier at Tulsa, Okla., 1919. Daughter, Bonnie Iva. (2) Raymond Cecil,
born at Winfield, Kans., Feb. 8, 1907. Byron Orlando Taylor married 2d
Daisy Marina Bishop, Oct. 1, 1918, at Kansas City, Mo. Married (3d)
Bertha
Maurer,
June, 1922, at Cleveland, Ohio.
II. Lela Odella Taylor—born Aug. 29, 1882,
married
Jan. 10, l90l, in Carroll County, Mo.,
to Martin Luther Lewellen. Children, all born
in San Jose, Calif: Helen Eloise, born
June 23, 1907; John Lincoln, born Feb. 12, 1910;
William Wallace, born April 10, 1918.
I1I. Eloise Anna May Taylor, youngest child of
Laura Caroline and Gamaliel Taylor,
was born in Dewitt, Mo. Married June 18, 1906,
in Woods County, Okla., to Edwin
Snelling Roberts, son of David Rittenhouse
Roberts
and Katherine (Ferrand)
Roberts. Edwin S. Roberts was born Oct. 24, 1866,
in Hardin County, Ky.
5. Olive Josephine, born Oct. 30, 1854.
6. George Gordon Byron, born Dec. 12, 1856.
7. Nathan Jefferson, born Dec. 17, 1858, died May 1, 1860. Buried by the side of his parents in Shelby County, Ohio.
*Gamaliel Taylor was the son of Eber Taylor
and
Clarissa (Stout) Taylor. and a
descendant of Governor Bennett of Virginia.
Captain
John Utie of Vlrginia. Richard
and Penelope Stout of New Jersey Through the
Stout-Codd-St. Leger line of Virginia
he was a descendant of King Edward III of England.
-14
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------